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Task-based Writing
--- How to write a summary of narration
【学习目标】
1. 通过找记叙文的基本要素来概括大意；
2. 如何组织语言来写记叙文的概括。
Part One
探究案
Step 1. Find key words
Tips：文章的关键词可结合写作中的“就……”主题发表自己看法的要求来确定。
【Practice 1】
阅读下面短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
When Sam first got to his boarding school (寄宿学校) with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would be able to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started crying because the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy.
He was given uniforms and all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when it was time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he saw other children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not because his mind was at home. He started feeling homesick (想家) and wanted to go homes as soon as possible.
He got sick soon because he could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom. All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone or other means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. He thought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boarding school.
[写作内容]
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词讲述一次你（或你的朋友）想家的经历，内容包括：
⑴ 时间、地点和起因；
⑵ 想家给学习和生活带来的影响；
⑶ 你（或你朋友）是如何应对的。
[写作要求]
1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
Q：要求你“以约120词讲述一次你（或你的朋友）想家的经历”，那么所读文章的关键词就应该是 _________.
Step 2. Find six elements
Tips：通读所给的阅读材料，确定什么人在书面时候书面地方发生聊书面事情，结果如何，为什么会这样。
【Practice 2】
阅读下面短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
The Best Gift
Della and Jim broke away from their families to get married. Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building. They were now digesting the hardship of life. The only joy was their sweet love for each other. The handsome husband had to be burdened with a family though he was young. The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved.
Christmas was coming. They were thinking of a good gift for each other. Della wore a waterfall of black hair, but her comb was broken. Jim had a gold watch with an old chain, which was passed from his old grandfather. The big day finally came. On arriving home, Jim was surprised to find Della"s long hair cut short. But Della was also surprised to find Jim"s gold watch gone. She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him! He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her! The gifts were now useless. But in fact they got the best gifts.
[写作内容]
1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120个词谈谈你对“人与人之间是否应该有爱”的看法，内容包括：
⑴ 当今社会中人与人之间是否应该彼此爱护；
⑵ 同学之间应该如何表示彼此之间的关爱；
[写作要求]
1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
Q: Six elements of the passage
| Who |
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| Where |
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| When |
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| What |
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| How |
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| Why |
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Step 3. Paraphrase the topic
Tips：建立在主题的基础上，用自己的话重新组织主题，新主题的中心是who+what。
【Practice 3】
Q1：The theme of the story above is ______________.
Q2： There exist the _______________ between a couple, Della and Jim. They both sacrificed their most ___________ things to buy their partner ___________ to fulfill their little dreams.
Part Two
Tips: We should notice to ---
Include main facts (who/what)
抓住文章的主要事实和故事发展脉络，基本框架就是“某人+某事”。
Don"t change the genre
摘要的问题必须与文章一样，也是记叙文，不能用故事的寓意来代替摘要。
Choose general words
尽量使用上义词，也就是具有概括性的词语。但是在能写出上义词之前，学生得首先找到几个平行的下义词。
Exclude the details and examples
这一点是与第一点相呼应的，摘要中不能出现碎碎叨叨的细节和具体的例子。
Avoid the writing formats
如果你是中等生或优秀生，我还是奉劝你远离所谓的万能作文模板，比如说The passage is mainly about ….，一个摘要才30个单词，一个毫无意义的模板就占去了五个单词。如果那样的话，你的摘要如何在芸芸众生中脱颖而出呢！
Use two or three sentences
我建议30字摘要最好是用两句话或三句话写完，一句太长，学生难以驾驭，容易犯错误。四句以上又显得过于啰嗦。
训练案
【Practice 4】【2017届高三苏州第一学期期初调研】
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
One day,a mother horse told her son, “My child, will you happily go and carry this bag of wheat to the mill (磨坊) to grind it into flour?” The little horse happily agreed without hesitation, and ran out of the house with a bag of wheat on his back.
After quite a long journey, the little horse came to a river, which blocked his path to the mill. He suddenly got confused. Looking around, he saw a cow. So he asked the cow, “Auntie Cow, can you tell me whether I can cross the river?” The cow answered, “Definitely you can. The water is very shallow.” When the little horse was about to cross the river, a squirrel shouted to him, “Little horse, don’t cross the river. You will drown.” The little horse didn’t know what to do, so he decided to go back to ask his mother.
After he told his mother everything that happened on his way, his mother said, “My child, it’s not enough to only listen to others; you have to give it a try by yourself, and then you’ll know the answer.”
With those words, he walked carefully across the river. The water was neither shallow nor deep. It was just fine for him. Finally the little horse crossed the river and completed his task.
[写作内容]
1. 以约30词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 然后以约120个词就“亲身实践”谈谈你的看法，内容包括：
(1) 你读完这个故事后的感受；
(2) 讲述一次你通过亲身实践学会一项技能的经历；
(3) 你从这次经历中所体会到“亲身实践”的重要性。
Q：How can we polish these summaries?
Sample 1: The passage tells a story that a little horse wanting to cross the river was caught by the two opinions about whether it could safely cross the river. Eventually he learned to try it itself and made it. (38 words)
Sample 2: The story about the process of a little horse crossing the river clearly shows us that we should not merely listen to others. Instead, we are supposed to give the stuff a try by ourselves.
Sample 3: A little horse came across a river on his way. He got confused at the first attempt when he merely listen to others. However, he finally walked across the river finely by trying himself.
Sample 4: A little horse wanted to cross a river but hesitated after listening to cow’s and squirrel’s totally different advice. It was not until he tried it himself that he discovered the real depth of water.
Sample 5:When facing a river, a little horse consulted others about its depth. A cow said the water was shallow while a squirrel said deep. Finally, he found it was just fine for him.
Sample 6: A little horse carrying wheat came across a river and wondered how deep the river was on its way to the mill. He heard opposite views of the cow and the squirrel but followed neither of them and finally crossed the river by itself with its mother"s encouragement. (48 words)
【Practice 5】
阅读下面的短文，然后按要求写一篇150字左右的英语短文。
Mayor Bloomberg has been the mayor of New York City for nearly nine years, but for ten years he has been wearing the same shoes. This is really rare to be seen on a billionaire.
“The mayor owns two pairs of work shoes,” said the spokesman. “One day he’ll wear one, the next the other. When they got worn down, he has them repaired. He could buy any shoes he wanted, but he says since they are comfortable, and they work, there’s no need for a new pair.” According to the spokesman, the mayor saves in his footwear and he also keeps it up in his personal as well as governmental finance. “When he buys a cup of coffee, he chooses the smallest size. He buys only what he needs.”
Such is the mayor of New York City, who cares little about his shoes, avoids wasting money and focuses his attention on his work and his people in the city.
But what about our fellow students nowadays? Some wear super expensive clothes and shoes; besides, they buy as many as possible, far more than two pairs. They always want the latest, the newest and throw the old ones away though they haven’t worn them for many times.
Q: The summary of the article is __________________________________________________
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问题分析：
1. The mayor of New York City, Bloomberg, who cares little about his personal life , devotes his life to his work and his people in the city.
2. He had been wearing the same shoes for ten years. He focused on his work.
3. The mayor of New York City, Bloomberg, who is provident in his life.
Bloomberg, mayor of New York City, who is provident and avoids wasting money.
佳句欣赏：
1.The article tells us the mayor of New York City, Bloomberg, is provident and has been wearing the same shoes for 10 years. However, some students waste much money on super expensive clothes and shoes.
2. The mayor of New York City, Bloomberg, wins respect from others for his thrift. Wealthy as he is, he cares little about his clothes and avoids wasting anything.
Conclusion:
Criteria for a good summary = content (brief & exact)+words & phrases (proper)
+Grammatical structures & Conjunctions (varied)+Handwriting (Organized &neat).
巩固案
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
The elephant and the fly
An elephant was standing and picking leaves from a tree. A small fly came，flying and buzzing (嗡嗡叫) near his ear. The elephant waved it away with his long ears. Then the fly came again, and the elephant waved it away once more.
This was repeated several times. Then the elephant asked the fly, “Why are you so restless and noisy? Why can’t you stay for a while in one place? ”
The fly answered, “I am attracted to whatever I see, hear or smell. My five senses pull me constantly in all directions and I cannot resist them．What is your secret? How can you stay so calm and still?”
The elephant stopped eating and said, “My five senses do not rule my attention. Whatever I do, I get involved in it. Now that I am eating, I am completely absorbed in eating. In this way I can enjoy my food and chew it better. I rule and control my attention, and not the other way around. So when you are in charge of your five senses and attention, your mind will become calm too.”
【写作内容】
1．以约30个词概括短文的内容；
2. 然后以约120个词就“专注”这一主题发表你的看法，并包括以下要点：
（1）大象和苍蝇的故事给你的启示；
（2）讲述你（或你朋友）因为太多干扰而受到影响的经历；
（3）你打算上高三后怎样保持专注、专心。
【写作要求】
1. 在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或者虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2. 作文中不得出现真实的姓名和学校名称。
【评分标准】
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
Q1: The theme of the article is _______________________.
Q2: The summary of the article is ___________________________________________________
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【课后反思】
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