一、导读：

Read the short passage on P34, finish the box and explore the rules.

二、导思：

①The major contribution of this great explorer is that he“discovered” the New World.

②His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.

③Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.

④That is also why more and more people have turned to online learning these days.

⑤Besides the history classes at school, we also visit historic destinations.That is where we learn about important events in history.

[我的发现]

以上各句中的表语均由从句充当，我们称之为表语从句。句①中的表语从句由that引导，用于陈述事实；句②中的表语从句由whether引导，意为“是否”，用于表达“是与否”的一般疑问；句③中的表语从句由连接代词what引导，意为“什么”，在从句中作主语，用于表达特殊疑问；句④⑤中的表语从句分别由连接副词why和where引导，在从句中作状语，用于表达特殊疑问。

三、导学：

I.表语和表语从句

1.表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、代词、数词、动词过去分词、动词的-ing形式、副词、介词短语、形容词、不定式和从句等来充当。

2.表语从句是指从句在句子中充当表语, 紧跟在系动词之后，对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。用陈述语序。

结构：主语+系动词+引导词+简单句。

II.表语从句的连接词

引导表语从句的连接词有连接代词(who, whom, whose，what，which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever 等)、连接副词( when, where, how, why，whenever, wherever等)以及that，whether，as if/as though等。

1．that引导的表语从句

that引导表语从句时仅起连接作用，无任何意义，在从句中不作任何成分，但不可省略。

But the bottom line is that I shouldn't lie to my kids.

但底线是我不应该对我的孩子们撒谎。

[名师点津]　如果主句的主语是表示建议、命令等的名词(如advice，suggestion，proposal，order等)，那么表语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

My suggestion is that we all (should) take an active part in the coming sports meeting.

我的建议是我们都应该积极参加即将到来的运动会。

2．whether引导的表语从句

whether引导表语从句时起连接作用，意为“是否”，但在从句中不作任何成分。

The question is whether we can rely on him.

问题是我们能否信任他。

[名师点津]　if 不能引导表语从句。

[补充] whether与if均为“是否”,下列情况下只用whether：

(1) 引导主语从句并在句首

Whether he will come is not clear.

(2) 引导表语从句

The question is whether he'll come. 

(3) 从句作介词宾语

I'm not sure about whether we'll win.

(4) 从句后有“or not”

Let me know whether you can come or not.

3．连接代词引导的表语从句

连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which等引导表语从句时，除了在句子中起连接作用外，还在从句中作成分。

依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。所谓“缺什么补什么”是指从句与连词之间的关系。

如果句子中缺主语，指人用who，指物用what。如缺宾语，指人用whom，指物用what。如缺定语用what或which。

The problem is who could do the work.

The question is who/whom I should ask for advice.

My trouble is whose advice I should follow.

My top concern is which job is suitable for me.

Exercise is what keeps us healthy.

That mountain is no longer what it used to be.

4．连接副词引导的表语从句

连接副词where, when, why, how 等引导表语从句时，除在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当地点、时间、原因、方式等状语，本身有词义。

依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。如缺时间状语用when；地点状语用where。原因状语用why；方式状语用how。

M: The small village is where Mary lives. She became disabled after a car accident. That was when she was in high school.

W: Poor girl! The question is how she has managed to live a normal life. 

M: She is an optimistic girl gifted in painting. Her works are popular online. That's why she can earn her living.

That's where I can't agree with you.

那就是我不同意你的地方。

This is why Sara was late for class.

这就是萨拉上课迟到的原因。

5．as if/as though引导的表语从句

as if/as though引导的表语从句常置于系动词look, seem，sound，be，become，feel等后面。

可以接表语从句系动词有：

I didn't feel as though I needed to keep up with anybody else.

我不觉得我需要跟上其他人。

It looks as if it is going to snow.

看起来要下雪了。

It seems as if he doesn't know the answer.

看起来他好像不知道答案。

[名师点津]as if/ as though引导的表语从句。如果是事实，就用陈述语气；如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气(从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had +过去分词；从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would/might/could+动词原形)。

He looks as if he were a rich man.

He looked just as if he had looked ten years before.

It looks as if it might rain.

6. 从属连词: because

He failed the math exam. That's because he was too careless.

He was too careless. That's why he failed the math exam. 

The reason why he failed the math exam is that he was too careless.

[名师点津]

This/That/It is/was because+原因…

This/That/It is/was why+结果…

下面这个结构：The reason why ... is / was that ... 主语是reason时，表语从句不能用because, 只能用that。

Key phrases

Key sentences

1.Influenced by his father, who was also a historian, Sima Qian took an interest in history when he was a child.

过去分词短语作状语

who引导定语从句,对his father进行补充说明；when 引导时间状语从句。

2.Learning and traveling were exactly what helped him in his later carer as a historian.

※本句是主从复合句。what 引导表语从句, what在从句中作主语。常见的引导表语从句的连接代词有who, whom,whose,what,which, whoever,whatever,whichever,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。再如:

An attitude is what a person thinks about something.态度是一个人对某事的看法。

The doubt is who has got way with the document.疑点是谁偷走了文件。

※learning an traveling是两个并列的动名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。单个的动名词(短语)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:

Planing so far ahead makes no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.

提前这么久做计划是没有意义的,到明年很多事情都会改变。

3.His father's dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording what had happened in history.

现在分词短语recording...作定语,修饰great masterpiece

What从句作 recording的宾语

that引导表语从句，that没有意义，也不作句子成分，通常不可省略。

4.After his father died, Sima Quan succeeded his father as Grand Historian, which facilitated his access to official books and files.

※本句是主从复合句。which 引导非限制性定语从句，对主句内容进行补充说明，which在从句中作主语。which引导非限制性定语从句是高考的高频考点，注意that不能引导非限制性定语从句。